The importance of low NOx Gas Turbines

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The importance of low NOx Gas Turbines :

Gas Turbines are the main source of new electricity generating plans, but they have to meet severe NOx and CO emissions legislation in many countries. This course will address the technology options for industrial gas turbines necessary to meet 25ppm NOx regulations on liquid fuels and for 10ppm on natural gas (with 10ppm CO). The design options for low NOx combustors for liquid fuels for aero engine applications will also be discussed. With the advent of regenerative industrial gas turbines, for high cycle efficiency, creating very high combustor inlet temperatures of the order of 1200K, the NOx problem will be more severe and this problem will be addressed plus potential solutions outlined. Industrial gas turbines are increasingly being used for a range of fuels, especially low CV gaseous fuels and various hydrogen/CO/inert fuels. Low NOx designs for this area will be discussed.

For aero-gas turbines NOx reduction is becoming more important with a new requirement for NOx reduction at cruise. Also the inlet temperature to the combustor is about 1000K with pressures of 60 bar at take off and this creates severe problems for NOx control. As only liquid fuels are viable for aero gas turbines the problem of fuel atomisation and auto ignition in premix ducts will be discussed.

Automotive gas turbines are under development (particularly in Japan) due to their potential to generate lower NOx and particulate emissions than current diesel engines. Automotive gas turbines have been demonstrated to easily meet Californian ULEV emissions regulations for CO and UHC and the new proposed 2005 EEC regulations as well as meeting the NOx regulations. SI and diesel engineers should be aware of this combustion technology and this course will provide the necessary information. To achieve a high thermal efficiency these engines already have regenerative heat exchangers and inlet temperatures up to 1200K are involved, with 1300K under development. The problem of low NOx emissions at very high inlet temperatures is greatest in this application, and there is more experience in this area of very high inlet temperature low NOx systems. However, NOx reduction techniques at high inlet temperature will also have applications to aero engines and other high inlet temperature applications.

Another area of current concern for low NOx is the supersonic transport, where very high inlet temperatures also apply and a target emission index for NOx of 5g/ kg has been set by NASA and adopted by others.

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